Laboratory measures with number and proportions (%) of Paralympic and Olympic athletes below and above reference values
| Paralympic athletes (N, %) | Olympic athletes (N, %) | |||||||
| Reference range | N | <ref. | >ref | N | <ref | >ref | ||
| Haematology | ||||||||
| Haemoglobin | ♀11.7–15.3 g/dL | 31 | 0 | 2 (6) | 138 | 0 | 2 (1) | |
| ♂13.4–17.0 g/dL | 69 | 2 (3) | 0 | 248 | 4 (2) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Erythrocytes | ♀ 3.94–5.16×1012 /L | 28 | 0 | 2 (7) | 135 | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | |
| ♂ 4.25–5.71×1012 /L | 64 | 0 | 0 | 236 | 0 | 2 (1) | ||
| Ferritin | ♀ 15–200 µg/L | 31 | 2 (6) | 0 | 141 | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | |
| ♂ 20–300 µg/L | 70 | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 240 | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2) | ||
| Leucocytes | 3.5–10×109/L | 81 | 1 (1) | 7 (9) | 367 | 8 (2) | 14 (4) | |
| Basophile | <0.2×109/L | 82 | (−) | 0 | 362 | (−) | 0 | |
| Eosinophile | <0.4×109/L | 82 | (−) | 6 (7) | 362 | (−) | 11 (3) | |
| Monocytes | 0.2–0.8×109/L | 82 | (−) | 6 (7) | 362 | (−) | 4 (1) | |
| Lymphocytes | 1.1–3.3×109/L | 82 | 5 (6) | 3 (4) | 362 | 10 (3) | 8 (2) | |
| Neutrophils | 1.5–7.3×109/L | 82 | 0 | 3 (4) | 361 | 8 (2) | 10 (3) | |
| Vitamins | ||||||||
| Folic acid | >5.7 nmol/L | 90 | 3 (3) | (−) | 360 | 4 (1) | (−) | |
| Vitamin B12 | >250 pmol/L | 102 | 13 (13) | (−) | 389 | 51 (13) | (−) | |
| Vitamin D | >75 nmol/L | 99 | 75 (76) | (−) | 390 | 120 (31) | (−) | |
| Proteins+electrolytes | ||||||||
| Albumin | 36–48 g/L | 101 | 0 | 4 (4) | 384 | 0 | 8 (2) | |
| Calcium corr. | 2.17–2.47 mmol/L | 82 | 3 (4) | 1 (1) | 384 | 7 (2) | 4 (1) | |
| Calcium | 2.15–2.51 mmol/L | 82 | 1 (1) | 3 (4) | 388 | 5 (1) | 19 (5) | |
| Sodium | 137–145 mmol/L | 100 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 390 | 2 (1) | 0 | |
| Potassium | 3.6–5.0 mmol/L | 101 | 0 | 0 | 387 | 0 | 6 (2) | |
| Magnesium | 0.78–0.94 mmol/L | 101 | 12 (12) | 0 | 387 | 91 (24) | (−) | |
| Chloride | 97–108 mmol/L | 100 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 0 | 0 | |
| Liver+pancreas | ||||||||
| ALAT | ♀ <45 U/L ♂ <70 U/L | 101 | (−) | 3 (3) | 384 | (−) | 11 (3) | |
| ALP | <400 U/L (<18 years) <105 U/L (>18 years) | 101 | (−) | 10 (10) | 372 | (−) | 18 (5) | |
| Amylase pancreas | 10–65 U/L | 62 | 0 | 0 | 259 | 2 (1) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Renal metabolism | ||||||||
| Creatinine | ♀ 45–90 µmol/L | 31 | 5 (16) | 1 (3) | 139 | 0 | 12 (9) | |
| ♂ 60–105 µmol/L | 70 | 14 (20) | 1 (1) | 248 | 5 (2) | 12 (5) | ||
| eGFR | >72 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83 | 2 (2) | (−) | 321 | 5 (2) | – | |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||
| Blood lipids | LDL | ♀/♂ 1.15–4.34 mmol/L (0–29 years) 1.35–4.74 mmol/L (30–49 years) 1.95–5.34 mmol/L (>50 years) | 64 | 1 (2) | 2 (3) | 258 | 2 (1) | 5 (2) |
| HDL | ♀ 0.95–2.74 mmol/L ♂ 0.75–2.14 mmol/L | 101 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 370 | 1 (0.2) | 10 (3) | |
| Cholesterol | ♀/♂ 2.9–6.1 mmol/L (18–29 years) 3.3–6.9 (30–49 years) 3.9–7.8 (>50 years) | 101 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 371 | 4 (1) | 13 (4) | |
| Hormones | ||||||||
| Sex hormones | Free testosterone | ♀ ≤0.6 mmol/L ♂ 2.3–9.9 mmol/L | 21 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 4 (4) | 0 |
| Testosterone | ♀<3.0 mmol/L ♂ 8–35 mmol/L | 50 | 5 (10) | 0 | 205 | 6 (3) | 0 | |
| SHBG | ♀ 23–100 mmol/L ♂ 8–60 mmol/L | 62 | 1 (2) | 3 (5) | 252 | 2 (1) | 22 (9) | |
| Estradiol | ♀ 0–0.30 mmol/L (12–44 years) 0–0.12 (>55 years) ♂ 0–0.17 mmol/L | 36 | (−) | 6 (17) | 69 | 0 | 11 (14) | |
| Thyroid hormones | Free T4 | 11–23 pmol/L | 100 | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 380 | 0 | 2 (1) |
| TSH | 0.2–4.0 mU/L | 100 | 0 | 1 (1) | 389 | 0 | 12 (3) | |
Measures we consider as most valuable for future general health screening are highlighted in bold.
ALAT, alanin aminotransferase; ALP, alprazolam; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TSH, tyreoideastimulerende hormon.