Table 3

Psychometric properties of sideline assessment tests*

Author	Type of athletes	Athletes (n)	Concussed	Controls	Test and/or criterion	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Test–retest reliability	AUC
Symptoms
McCrea et al 19	College football	1631	94	56		89	100
Putukian et al 22	College athletes	263	32	23	SCAT2	84	100
Chin et al 23	High school and college athletes	2018	166	164					0.88
Resch et al 120	College athletes		40	40	Revised Head Injury Scale	98	100
Garcia et al 40	College athletes		733		SCAT3	93	97		0.98
Broglio et al 33	College athletes	4360						0.40†
Total		3192	1065	283
Standardized Assessment of Concussion
Barr and McCrea15	High school and college football	1313	50	68	3-point decline	72	94	0.55‡
McCrea et al 19	High school and college football	1325	63	55	3-point decline	78	95	0.48§
McCrea et al 17	High school and college football	2385	91		<10th percentile of normative	79
McCrea et al 19	College football	1631	94	56	?	80	91
Echlin et al 121	Ice hockey (age 16–21)	67	21	–	1-point decline	54
Barr et al 16	High school and college football	823	59	31	?	46	87
Marinides et al 20	College athletes	217	30		2-point decline	52	82
Galetta et al 21	Hockey/lacrosse youth/college	332	12	14	2-point decline	20	21		0.68
Putukian et al 22	College athletes	263	32	23	<10th percentile of normative	41	91
Chin et al 23	High school and college athletes	2018	166	164				0.39†	0.56
Broglio et al 33	College athletes	4874						0.39†
Total		15 284	618	411
BESS
McCrea et al 19	College football	1631	94	56	Modified BESS	36	95
Broglio et al 122	Young adults	48			BESS			0.60¶
Barr et al 16	High school and college football	823	59	31	Modified BESS	31	71
Putukian et al 22	College athletes	263	32	23	Modified BESS	25	100
Chin et al 23	High school and college athletes	2018	166	164	Modified BESS			0.54†	0.56
Broglio et al 33	College athletes	2894			BESS			0.41†
Total		4735	351	274
Oculomotor (KD)
Galetta et al 27	Football, men’s/women’s basketball	219	10		Worsening of KD time	100
Leong et al 123	Boxing				Worsening of KD >5 s	100	100	0.9†
Galetta et al 21	Hockey/lacrosse youth/college	332	12	14	Worsening of KD time	75	93		0.92
Leong et al 28	College football, men’s/women’s basketball	127	11		Worsening of KD time	89		0.95†
King et al 124	Amateur rugby					94	100	0.92†
Marinides et al 20	Football, women’s lacrosse, soccer	217	30		Worsening of KD time	79
Seidman et al 24	High school football	343	9		Worsening of KD time	100	100
Dhawan et al 29	Youth hockey	141	20		Worsening of KD >5 s	100	91
Fuller et al 125	Elite English rugby		145		Worsening of KD time	60	39		0.51
Hecimovich et al 126	Australian football		22	22	Worsening of KD time	98	96	0.91†
	Professional football	1223	84	63	Worsening of KD	84	62	0.88†
Broglio et al 33	College athletes	755						0.74†
Eddy et al 127	Recreational college athletes	63						0.90†
Total		2041	310	99
Clinical reaction time (dropped weighted stick)
Eckner128	College football, wrestling, women’s soccer	102						0.65†
Eckner et al 47	High school and college athletes	28	28		90% CI	50	86
Broglio et al 33	College athletes	261						0.32†
Total

Test–retest reliability:
*Study selection criteria: athletes competing at any level of sport using any sideline screening assessment or studies with test–retest reliability of included assessments. All studies were of high risk of bias as assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies - 2, except for Fuller et al,125 which was of low risk of bias.
†Intraclass correlation coefficient.
‡Reliable change index.
§Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
¶Generalisability coefficient.
AUC, area under the curve; KD, King-Devick; SCAT, Sports Concussion Assessment Tool.